upaya penghijauan-taman kota dan hutan kota di jakarta, PLKJ

physical seperation process and some pics

Filtration, distillation, paper chromatography, sublimation and crystallization

Filtration

Filtration is a physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by interposing a medium through which only the fluid can pass.

An example which could be separated by hand might be a dry mixture of salt and sand. Manually picking out the sand does not change the chemical identity of the salt or the sand.

Filtration is the most common technique to remove the solid material

What we need:

-          Filter paper

-          Beaker / Test Tube

-          Funnel

Example we want to remove the water from sand mixture (water-sand):

1.      Put the water-sand mixture, in a beaker/test tube according to the amount.

2.      Prepare the filter paper, fold it like the picture beside, then put it inside the funnel

3.      Put the funnel on the 2^nd beaker/test tube, then pour the mixture

The water is called the filtrate.

The sand is called the residue.

Distillation

Distillation is the process of heating a liquid until it boils, capturing and cooling the resultant hot vapors, and collecting the condensed vapors. Distillation is a method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture.

Materials we need:

- A flask equipped with a thermometer and with an outlet tube from which the vapor is emitted;

- A condenser that consists of two tubes of different diameters placed one within the other and so arranged that the smaller (in which the vapor is condensed) is held in a stream of coolant in the larger ; and

- A vessel in which condensed vapour collected

Steps:

   The mixture of substances is placed in the flask and heated. Ideally, the substance with the lowest boiling point vaporizes first (see vaporization ), the temperature remaining constant until that substance has completely distilled. The vapor is led into the condenser where, on being cooled, it reverts to the liquid (condenses) and runs off into a receiving vessel.

Sublimation

Sublimation is the separation of mixture based on their properties, whether they can sublimate or not. Sublimation is a technique used by chemists to purify compounds. Typically a solid is placed in a sublimation apparatus and heated under vacuum

Example:

The purification of dirty naphthalene.

Steps:

The solid naphthalene is placed in an enclosed bottle and then heated. Consequently, the naphthalene will sublime into vapours. The vapours will be stucked in the inner side of the bottle’s lid and the impurities will be retained at the bottom of the bottle. By condensing, we can obtain clean naphthalene.

                                                                                                             

Crystallization

Crystallization is the separation of mixtures based on the difference in the vapourizing of substances in the mixtures. The substances that can’t be evaporated will be retained in the bottom of the container as crystals.

Example:

Getting salt from seawater.

Steps:

Seawater is put inside tubs. It will directly make a contact directly with sunlight, so water will evaporate and salt will be retained at the bottom of the tubs.

sublimator

Chromatography

Chromatography is used to separate chemical substances that have different rates of spreading in a specific solvent. Ex: the separation of ink colours

Materials we need:

·         Paper coffee filters
• One black permanent pen
• Black water soluble pens
• Container full of water
• Several sheets of paper
• Small glasses or plastic containers
• Isopropyl rubbing alcohol*
• Pencils
• Tape
• Scissors
• Stapler

Steps:

Part I - Separating Black Ink
1. Cut several coffee filters into long strips, one strip per pen.
2. Fold the end of each strip over then staple it to form a loop.
3. Place a dot of ink near the bottom of each strip. Use a pencil to identify which strip belongs to which pen.

4. Poke a pencil through one of the loops you just made. Use the pencil to suspend the strip in a small glass or container.
5. Carefully add water to the glass until it reaches the bottom of the paper strip just below the ink dot. Be sure the ink stays above the water and the paper stays in the water.
6. Allow the water to soak up the strip and watch what happens to the ink drop.
7. If the ink you are testing does not spread out, re-test it using rubbing alcohol.
8. Repeat this process for each strip and compare your results.
9. Let the strips dry and tape them on a sheet of paper as a record of the different pen types.

WHAT’S HAPPENING

Because molecules in ink and other mixtures have different characteristics (such as size and solubility), they travel at different speeds when pulled along a piece of paper by a solvent (in this case, water). For example, black ink contains several colours. When the water flows through a word written in black, the molecules of each one of the colours behave differently, resulting in a sort of “rainbow” effect.
     Many common inks are water soluble and spread apart into the component dyes using water as a solvent. If the ink you are testing does not spread out using water, it may be “permanent” ink. In such cases, you will have to use a different solvent such as rubbing alcohol.

5 animals and plants and their irritability

5 plants with their irritability:

Venus Flytrap:

The leaves will fold and trap the insect.

Sunflower:

The flower follows the sun.

Nepenthes:

It is very slippery, when an insect stands they will fall and it

will eat the insect for extra nutrition.

Tulip:

The petals can open and close according to the temperature.

 

Ornithogalum thyrsoides:

It has a qualitative temperature requirement. Initiation of the inflorescence can be retarded or advanced. by temperature manipulation.

5 animals with their irritability:

Porcupine:

It roll itself when an enemy comes, so the enemy can’t eat it.

Octopus/Squid:

It sprays ink as a screen so its enemy cannot see, while it run away.

Lizard:

It cuts its tail when there’s an enemy so the enemy will be distract with its tail.

Anteater:

It can roll itself, so when the enemy  come it protects itself with its hard shell.

Chameleon:

It change its skin colour according to the surrounding colour to hide.

kingdom monera.... classification of living things

Kingdom Monera

Characteristics

All organisms in the Kingdom Monera are prokaryotes. They lack nuclei (don’t have nucleus membrane)  and organelles and most of their cell walls are made of peptidoglycan. Most utilize flagella for movement.

Digestion is extracellular (outside the cell) and nutrients are absorbed into the cell. Many prokaryotes are organized by how the metabolize resources.

Classification based on obtaining food:

·        Autotrophs- make their own food

·        Heterotrophs- obtain their energy by feeding on other organic substances.

REPRODUCTION

Most organisms in the Kingdom Monera reproduce through

·        binary fission (asexual) 

·        conjugation (sexual)

This Kingdom is divided into:

o   Bacteria

o   Cyanophyta (Blue-green algae)

Bacteria:
Bacteria belong to group Eubacteria are small, relatively simple, single-celled organisms. Some bacteria can be photosynthetic, using H₂S rather than H₂O, as a source of electrons, but most are heterotrophic, absorbing nutrients from the surrounding environment.

Bacteria do not have chromosomes. Instead, their genetic material is a single circular loop of DNA (Figure 1).

They reproduce by the process of "binary fission", where the cell duplicates its components and divides into two cells (Figure 2). In other words, the cell pinches into two without the complex movement of chromosomes seen in mitosis. Newly produced cells usually become independent, but they may remain attached in linear chains or grapelike clusters. In favourable environments, individual bacterial cells rapidly proliferate, forming colonies consisting of millions of cells.

 Figure 1: Typical prokaryotic cell (non-photosynthetic bacterial cell).

Figure 2: Binary fission in bacteria.

Microscopic examination of bacterial cells reveals that most bacteria can be classified according to three basic shapes:

·         bacilli (rods), is divided into:

-          Monobacilli – single rod

-          Diplobacilli – pair of rods

-          Streptobacilli- Join together to form a structure resembling a chain

·         cocci (spheres), is divided into:

-          Monococcus – single spheres

-          Diplococcus – pair of spheres

-          Sarcina – spherical bacteria which make a group of 4 to form a cube

-          Streptococcus – a long structure resembling a chain

-          Staphylococcus – a colony to form a structure resembling grapes.

·         spirilla (spiral), is divided into:

-          Spiral

-          Vibro / comma

-          Spirochetes – have a spiral shape that can move

Figure 3: Bacterial types.

Most bacteria in this group are heterotrophic, which means that they derive their energy from organic molecules made by other organisms. Many heterotrophic bacteria are important in the ecosystem as decomposers because they feed on dead organic matter and release nutrients locked in dead tissues. Other heterotrophs are parasites, often referred to as pathogens. They cause many of the diseases of plants and animals, including those of humans.

·        Example of Useful and Pathogenic Bacteria

·        Useful bacteria:

Acetobacter xylinum – making nata de coco

Acetobacter sp – making alcohol into vinegar acid

·        Pathogenic bacteria:

Salmonella typhii – typhoid disease

Vibrio comma – cholera disease

Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are commonly known as blue-green algae. They are autotrophic, which means that they derive their energy from photosynthesis or the oxidation of inorganic molecules. In addition to chlorophyll, they contain phycocyanin (blue) and phycoerythrin (red). Because of various proportions of these pigments, only about half of cyanobacteria are actually blue-green in color; many range in color from brown to olive green. They live in aquatic environments and moist soil.. As far as is known, reproduction in the cyanobacteria is by fission only.

The cells of the cyanobacteria are prokaryotic but reveal a considerable level of complexity (see Figure 4). Their chlorophyll is integrated into thylakoids, extensions of the cell membrane. Actually, the entire photosynthetic cell is comparable to a eukaryotic chloroplast. Photosynthesis in the cyanobacteria is nearly identical, biochemically, to that of the algae and the green plants. Like the algae and plants, their photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll a and the accessory pigment beta-carotene, although they lack chlorophyll. The glucose produced by the cyanobacteria in the process of photosynthesis is stored in their own form of starch, which is similar to animal glycogen. These characteristics make cyanobacteria predecessors of the eukaryotic chloroplasts.

Figure 4: Typical cell of cyanobacteria.

A number of cyanobacteria produce specialized, nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts. Their role is to incorporate atmospheric nitrogen into a form useful for producing amino acids and other nitrogen containing molecules. Some cyanobacteria also produce spores (akinetes) that are resistant to drying. These spores allow cyanobacteria to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. 

Example of Cyanophyta:     Spirulina

                                                Anabaena

kingdom monera.... classification of living things

Kingdom Monera

Characteristics

All organisms in the Kingdom Monera are prokaryotes. They lack nuclei (don’t have nucleus membrane)  and organelles and most of their cell walls are made of peptidoglycan. Most utilize flagella for movement.

Digestion is extracellular (outside the cell) and nutrients are absorbed into the cell. Many prokaryotes are organized by how the metabolize resources.

Classification based on obtaining food:

·        Autotrophs- make their own food

·        Heterotrophs- obtain their energy by feeding on other organic substances.

REPRODUCTION

Most organisms in the Kingdom Monera reproduce through

·        binary fission (asexual) 

·        conjugation (sexual)

This Kingdom is divided into:

o   Bacteria

o   Cyanophyta (Blue-green algae)

Bacteria:
Bacteria belong to group Eubacteria are small, relatively simple, single-celled organisms. Some bacteria can be photosynthetic, using H₂S rather than H₂O, as a source of electrons, but most are heterotrophic, absorbing nutrients from the surrounding environment.

Bacteria do not have chromosomes. Instead, their genetic material is a single circular loop of DNA (Figure 1).

They reproduce by the process of "binary fission", where the cell duplicates its components and divides into two cells (Figure 2). In other words, the cell pinches into two without the complex movement of chromosomes seen in mitosis. Newly produced cells usually become independent, but they may remain attached in linear chains or grapelike clusters. In favourable environments, individual bacterial cells rapidly proliferate, forming colonies consisting of millions of cells.

 Figure 1: Typical prokaryotic cell (non-photosynthetic bacterial cell).

Figure 2: Binary fission in bacteria.

Microscopic examination of bacterial cells reveals that most bacteria can be classified according to three basic shapes:

·         bacilli (rods), is divided into:

-          Monobacilli – single rod

-          Diplobacilli – pair of rods

-          Streptobacilli- Join together to form a structure resembling a chain

·         cocci (spheres), is divided into:

-          Monococcus – single spheres

-          Diplococcus – pair of spheres

-          Sarcina – spherical bacteria which make a group of 4 to form a cube

-          Streptococcus – a long structure resembling a chain

-          Staphylococcus – a colony to form a structure resembling grapes.

·         spirilla (spiral), is divided into:

-          Spiral

-          Vibro / comma

-          Spirochetes – have a spiral shape that can move

Figure 3: Bacterial types.

Most bacteria in this group are heterotrophic, which means that they derive their energy from organic molecules made by other organisms. Many heterotrophic bacteria are important in the ecosystem as decomposers because they feed on dead organic matter and release nutrients locked in dead tissues. Other heterotrophs are parasites, often referred to as pathogens. They cause many of the diseases of plants and animals, including those of humans.

·        Example of Useful and Pathogenic Bacteria

·        Useful bacteria:

Acetobacter xylinum – making nata de coco

Acetobacter sp – making alcohol into vinegar acid

·        Pathogenic bacteria:

Salmonella typhii – typhoid disease

Vibrio comma – cholera disease

Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria are commonly known as blue-green algae. They are autotrophic, which means that they derive their energy from photosynthesis or the oxidation of inorganic molecules. In addition to chlorophyll, they contain phycocyanin (blue) and phycoerythrin (red). Because of various proportions of these pigments, only about half of cyanobacteria are actually blue-green in color; many range in color from brown to olive green. They live in aquatic environments and moist soil.. As far as is known, reproduction in the cyanobacteria is by fission only.

The cells of the cyanobacteria are prokaryotic but reveal a considerable level of complexity (see Figure 4). Their chlorophyll is integrated into thylakoids, extensions of the cell membrane. Actually, the entire photosynthetic cell is comparable to a eukaryotic chloroplast. Photosynthesis in the cyanobacteria is nearly identical, biochemically, to that of the algae and the green plants. Like the algae and plants, their photosynthetic pigments include chlorophyll a and the accessory pigment beta-carotene, although they lack chlorophyll. The glucose produced by the cyanobacteria in the process of photosynthesis is stored in their own form of starch, which is similar to animal glycogen. These characteristics make cyanobacteria predecessors of the eukaryotic chloroplasts.

Figure 4: Typical cell of cyanobacteria.

A number of cyanobacteria produce specialized, nitrogen-fixing cells called heterocysts. Their role is to incorporate atmospheric nitrogen into a form useful for producing amino acids and other nitrogen containing molecules. Some cyanobacteria also produce spores (akinetes) that are resistant to drying. These spores allow cyanobacteria to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. 

Example of Cyanophyta:     Spirulina

                                                Anabaena